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PHILADELPHIA, PA, December 2004--Chemical analyses of ancient organics
absorbed, and preserved, in pottery jars from the Neolithic village of
Jiahu, in Henan province, Norhern China, have revealed that a mied
fermented beverage of rice, honey, and fruit was being produced as
early as 9,000 years ago, a_pproximately the sameime that barley beer
and grape wine were beginningf oe made in the Middle East.

In addition, liquids more han 3,000 years old, remarkably preserved
inside tightly lidded bronze vessels, were chemically analyzed. These
vessels from the capital city of Anyang and an elite burial in the
Yellow River Basin, dating to the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties (ca.
1250-1000 B.C.), contained specialized rice and millet "wines." The
beverages had been flavored with herbs, flowers, and/or tree resins,
and are similar to herbal wines described in the Shang dynasty oracle
inscriptions.

The new discoveries, made by an international, multi-disciplinary team
of researchers including the University of Pennsylvania Museum's
archaeochemist Dr. Patrick McGovern of MASCA (Museum Applied Science
Center for Archaeology), provide the first direct chemical evidence
for early fermented beverages in ancient Chinese culture, thus
broadening our understanding of the key technological and cultural
roles that fermented beverages played in China.

The discoveries and their implications for understanding ancient
Chinese culture will be published on-line the week of December 6, 2004
in the PNAS Early Edition (Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences): "Fermented Beverages of Pre-and Proto-historic China," by
Patrick E. McGovern, Juzhong Zhang, Jigen Tang, Zhiquing Zhang,
Gretchen R. Hall, Robert A. Moreau, Alberto Nu?ez, Eric D. Butrym,
Michael P. Richards, Chen-shan Wang, Guangsheng Cheng, Zhijun Zhao,
and Changsui Wang. Dr. McGovern worked with this team of researchers,
associated with the University of Science and Technology of China in
Hefei, the Institute of Archaeology in Beijing, the Institute of
Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Henan Province, the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, the Firmenich Corporation, Max Planck
Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig (Germany), and the
Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The PNAS
article may be read by clicking here.

Dr. McGovern first met with archaeologists and scientists, including
his co-authors on the paper, in China in 2000, returning there in 2001
and 2002. Because of the great interest in using modern scientific
techniques to investigate a crucial aspect of ancient Chinese culture,
collaboration was initiated and samples carried back to the U.S. for
analysis. Chemical tests of the pottery from the Neolithic village of
Jiahu was of special interest, because it is some of the earliest
known pottery from China. This site was already famous for yielding
some of the earliest musical instruments and domesticated rice, as
well as possibly the earliest Chinese pictographic writing. Through a
variety of chemical methods including gas and liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, and stable
isotope analysis, finger-print compounds were identified, including
those for hawthorn fruit and/or wild grape, beeswax associated with
honey, and rice.

The prehistoric beverage at Jiahu, Dr. McGovern asserts, paved the way
for unique cereal beverages of the proto-historic 2nd millennium BC,
remarkably preserved as liquids inside sealed bronze vessels of the
Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. The vessels had become hermetically
sealed when their tightly fitting lids corroded, preventing evaporation.
Numerous bronze vessels with these liquids have been excavated at
major urban centers along the Yellow River, especially from elite
burials of high-ranking individuals. Besides serving as burial goods
to sustain the dead in the afterlife, the vessels and their contents
can also be related to funerary ceremonies in which living
intermediaries communicated with the deceased ancestor and gods in an
altered state of consciousness after imbibing a fermented beverage.

"The fragrant aroma of the liquids inside the tightly lidded jars and
vats, when their lids were first removed after some three thousand
years, suggested that they indeed represented Shang and Western Zhou
fermented beverages, " Dr. McGovern noted. Samples of liquid inside
vessels from the important capital of Anyang and the Changzikou Tomb
in Luyi county were analyzed. The combined archaeochemical,
archaeobotanical and archaeological evidence for the Changzikou Tomb
and Anyang liquids point to their being fermented and filtered rice or
millet "wines," either jiu or chang, its herbal equivalent, according
to the Shang Dynasty oracle inscriptions.
Specific aromatic herbs (e.g., wormword), flowers (e.g., chrysanthemum),
and/or tree resins (e.g., China fir and elemi) had been added to the
wines, according to detected compounds such as camphor and
alpha-cedrene, beta-amyrin and oleanolic acid, as well as benzaldehyde,
acetic acid, and short-chain alcohols characteristic of rice and
millet wines.

Both jiu and chang of proto-historic China were likely made by mold
saccharification, a uniquely Chinese contribution to beverage-making
in which an assemblage of mold species are used to break down the
carbohydrates of rice and other grains into simple, fermentable sugars.
Yeast for fermentation of the simple sugars enters the process
adventitiously, either brought in by insects or settling on to large
and small cakes of the mold conglomerate (qu) from the rafters of old
buildings. As many as 100 special herbs, including wormwood, are used
today to make qu, and some have been shown to increase the yeast
activity by as much as seven-fold.

For Dr. McGovern, who began his role in the Chinese wine studies in
2000, this discovery offers an exciting new chapter in our rapidly c我国9000年前已经开始酿酒 Sex Cheap Saveclass Public Naked Forcedh Blackmail Love Prancing Porn v我国9000年前已经开始酿酒 Sex Cheap Saveclass Public Naked Forcedy Porn Prancing Dancing Public